openai (gpt-5-nano-2025-08-07) · supported · 95%

There is strong, well-established evidence that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, with dose–response relationships and biological plausibility.

Key points: Epidemiological studies show higher lung cancer incidence and mortality among smokers versus never-smokers. | Risk increases with smoking duration and intensity (pack-years). | Risk declines after cessation but remains elevated for years to decades. | Biological mechanisms include tobacco smoke carcinogens causing DNA mutations in lung tissue. | Findings are consistent across populations and study designs.

Limitations: Individual risk varies based on factors like age, sex, genetics, exposure to other carcinogens (e.g., asbestos, radon). | Absolute risk for an individual depends on smoking history and other exposures; the statement expresses a general association, not a precise risk figure.

anthropic (claude-haiku-4-5-20251001) · supported · 99%

Smoking is a well-established and extensively documented risk factor for lung cancer. This relationship is supported by overwhelming epidemiological evidence, mechanistic studies, and consensus from major health organizations worldwide.

Key points: Numerous large-scale epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated a strong dose-response relationship between smoking and lung cancer risk | The biological mechanisms by which smoking causes lung cancer are well-characterized, involving carcinogenic compounds in tobacco smoke (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines) | Major health organizations including WHO, CDC, and American Cancer Society all classify smoking as a primary cause of lung cancer | Smoking accounts for approximately 80-90% of lung cancer cases in developed countries | The relationship has been established for decades with research dating back to landmark studies in the 1950s-1960s

Limitations: Not all smokers develop lung cancer, and some non-smokers do develop it, indicating individual genetic and environmental variation | The exact risk varies based on factors like smoking duration, intensity, type of tobacco product, and individual susceptibility | This is a general statement that doesn't quantify the magnitude of increased risk

google (gemini-2.5-flash-lite) · supported · 100%

Decades of scientific research have overwhelmingly demonstrated a strong causal link between smoking and an increased risk of developing lung cancer.

Key points: Numerous epidemiological studies show a significantly higher incidence of lung cancer among smokers compared to non-smokers. | Biological mechanisms explain how carcinogens in tobacco smoke damage lung cells and lead to cancer development. | Cessation of smoking leads to a reduction in the risk of lung cancer over time. | This association is recognized by major health organizations worldwide.

Limitations: While smoking is a major risk factor, not all smokers develop lung cancer, and some non-smokers do develop it, indicating other contributing factors may exist.